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James Pugh Kirkwood (27 March 1807 – 22 April 1877) was a 19th-century American civil engineer, and general superintendent of the Erie Railroad in the year 1849-1850.〔Edward Harold Mott ''(Between the Ocean and the Lakes: The Story of Erie ).'' Collins, 1899. p. 480〕 He left the Erie to go to the southwest to construct railroads, and he made the first survey for the Pacific Railroad west from the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains.〔Edward Harold Mott (1899, p. 350-1)〕 Late 1860s he served as President of the American Society of Civil Engineers. == Biography == Kirkwood was born in Edinburgh, Scotland 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Kirkwood, James Pugh )〕 He graduated at the Edinburgh College,〔''Proceedings ... Constitution and By-laws, Vol. 11 Brooklyn Engineers' Club'', 1908. p. 57〕 and learned civil engineering on the Boston and Albany Railroad, an early work from which a number of engineers and contractors came to the Erie when it was building.〔 Kirkwood had come to the United States in 1832 with letters to McNeill, who arranged work for him on the Norwich Worcester Railroad.〔 He served on the Boston & Providence Railroad, and in 1835 became Assistant Engineer of the Stonington Railroad. In that same year he surveyed the route for the Long Island Rail Road, which was opened from the foot of Atlantic street to Hicksville in 1837.〔 He had charge of the construction of that road until operations were stopped by the panic of 1837.〔Edward Harold Mott (1899, p. 321)〕 In 1840 Kirkwood was Resident Engineer on the Mountain Division of the Western Rail Road., where he remained until its completion in 1843. He located and constructed the Springfield & Northampton Rail Road. In 1848 he completed the Starrucca Viaduct as Superintendent in one season;〔 The Starrucca Viaduct near Lanesboro, Pennsylvania, considered to be the most expensive railroad bridge at the time, as well as the largest stone viaduct, and for its first use of concrete in American bridge construction. This success led to his appointment as General Superintendent of the Erie Railroad in April 1, 1849, where he succeeded Hezekiah C. Seymour.〔 Only one year later at Erie Railroad, May 1, 1850, Kirkwood was succeeded by Charles Minot, and became Chief Engineer of the Missouri Pacific Railroad. the Pacific Railroad, and was responsible for the construction of the road from St. Louis to Pacific, Missouri. The towns of Kirkwood, Missouri, and Kirkwood, New York, are named after him. Late 1860s he consulted on and completed the Bergen Tunnel in 1858-9. At this time he was Engineer of the Brooklyn Water Supply, whose successful completion was largely due to his efforts. In 1865 he was appointed Chief Engineer of St. Louis, Missouri, in charge of the design of a state-of-the-art waterworks. He served in that capacity until 1867, when he was replaced by Thomas Jefferson Whitman, brother of Walt Whitman. In 1867 he moved back to New York and served as President of the American Society of Civil Engineers from 1867 to 1868. In the last years of his life he was consulting engineer at the Lynn, Massachusetts water-works.〔James Grant Wilson (1888) ''Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography''. p. 557〕 In 1877 Kirkwood died in Brooklyn, New York at the age of 70 and was buried in a local cemetery.〔Jerry R. Rogers (2007) ''Environmental and Water Resources Milestones in Engineering.''. p. 16〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「James P. Kirkwood」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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